The grana cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) is a parasitic insect of the prickly pear cactus.

From the dried body of the female cochineal, karmic acid, a red dye, is obtained.

Carmic red became a strong competitor for European dyes, as it was used to dye the clothes of kings, nobles and the clergy. It was even used to paint handicrafts and tapestries. As an export product, it was exported from the port of Veracruz to Europe through Spain, and from there to different destinations; it reached Russia and even Persia itself.

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